vol. 22, no. 7

Primary tabs

American

Civil Liberties

Union

Volume XXII

San Francisco, California, July, 1957

Number 7

Report on S. F.

Red Hearings

The House Committee on Un-

American Activities held hearings

in San Francisco for four days

-jast month (June 18-21). Thirty

of 50 subpoened witnesses were

questioned besides two "friendly

witnesses," Dr. Jack Patten, for-

mer teacher at San Francisco

State College, and Dorothy Jef-

fers.

Collins Represents Five

The ACLU represented five

persons through its General Coun-

sel, Wayne M. Collins of San

`Francisco. Only three of these

witnesses were questioned, while

one waited around without being

called, and the fifth one received

a telegram before the hearings

opened canceling his subpoena.

Mr. Collins appeared on behalf

of Rebecca L. Melner, a San

Francisco school teacher for over

30 years, and Dr. Jane Castella-

nos, a teacher of the Contra

Costa Junior College. He also ap-

peared on behalf of Jane Scrib-

mer, who once taught at San

Francisco State College.

Under the Dilworth Act, teach-

ers must answer questions about

their membership in subversive

organizations since October 3,

1945. Both Miss Melner and Dr.

Castellanos testified they had not

been members of the Communist

Party since October 2, 1945.

Teachers Answer

The Committee also asked

_ questions concerning their asso-_

ciations prior to October 3, 1945,

but in each instance the witness-

es objected to the questions. In

neither case was the witness di-

rected to answer the questions,

so the inference may be drawn

that the objections were sus-

tained. In other words, both

teachers answered the questions

they were required to answer and

neither one rested on the Fifth

Amendment.

in San Francisco, the Board of

Education was scheduled to con-

sider Miss Melner's case at its

meeting on June 25. They were

also scheduled to consider the

eases of two `teachers who were

subpoenaed but not called to tes-

tify.

The only question before the

Board would seem to be whether

it wishes to question Miss Melner |

and the unidentified teachers. In

_ Miss Melner's case, there would

seem to be no point in going over

the same ground covered by the

Committee, which Mr. Preyer ad-

mits shows no violation of the

Dilworth Act. With respect to

the unidentified teachers, unless

there is some showing that they

have had left-wing activities since

October 3, 1945,

Contra Costa Teacher

Insofar as Dr. Castellanos is

concerned, Supt. Drummond J.

McCunn said he will seek advice

from his legal counsel. However,

he was high in his praise of Dr.

Castellanos as a teacher. "We've

watched her work... there's no

evidence to indicate she has been `

anything but a good American

citizen."

Jane Scribner denied any mem-

-Continued on Page 2

S. F. Board Takes

No Action Against

Subpoened Teachers

The San Francisco Board of Ed-

ucation on June 25 heard a report

from its legal advisor, Irving G.

Breyer, that Miss. Rebecca Melner

and two unnamed teachers had

been subpoenaed to testify before

the House Committee on Un-

American Activities. After hear-

ing the report, no action was

taken.

Breyer expressed the opinion

that there was no basis for dis-

ciplinary: acticn agaist Miss Mei-

ner since she had answered the

Committee's questions for the pe-

riod since October 3, 1945, as re-

quired by the Dilworth Act.

He also expressed a doubt that

the Board could bring discipli-

nary proceedings against her if

she refused to answer their ques-

tions for the period prior to Oc-

tober 3, 1945, "because of the

fact that the Tenure Law has a

three-year statute of limitations.

Miss Melner has been teaching in

San Francisco since 1926.

"Although I have the names of

the other two teachers who were

subpoenaed by the Committee,"

Mr. Breyer went on to report,

"(one of whom was identified by

a witness at the hearing as having

been a member of the party), I

do not feel that it would serve

any good purpose to identify them

by name at this time, unless the

Board of Education desires to go

into the matter further."

there would |

`seem to be no point in the board

questioning them.

`than last year as a resul

Campaign Closes

With 468 New

Members

The 1957 Special Membership -

' Campaign has ended with about

80 per cent of its goals attained.

The ACLU sought 600 new mem-

bers, and on June 20 it had se-

cured 463. The financial goal was

$5000, while $4007 was received.

The results compare favorably

with the results of last year's

campaign when on October 31 ex-

actly 518 new members had been

signed up. The financial returns

this year are already ae ereater

pound-of $1050

in special gifts secured a ACLU

Treasurer William M. Roth. Ad-

ditional returns will trickle in

`during the next few months.

Outstanding Results

As reported last month, out-

standing results were secured in

San Mateo, San Jose and Rich-

mond. This month we add Santa

Cruz to that list.

Emily Skolnik's San Mateo

team secured 65 new members

and $367, as against goals of 10

new members and $75. That is a

tremendous record.

Henry Hammer, of San Jose,

almost single handedly secured

31 new members and $187.50,

while the goals of that area were

only 10 new members and $75.

Santa Cruz, under Robert Ben-

nett's leadership, secured 20 new

members and $150, or exactly

double its goals.

Under the leadership of Attor-

ney Joseph Landisman, the Rich-

mond - El Cerrito area secured 20

new members and $112.59, while

its goals were only 10 new mem-

bers and $75.

Hayward and Los Altos, under

- the leadership of Richard Elliott

and Theodore Baer, respectively,

both surpassed their membership

goals and almost reached their

financial goals.

Berkeley and Marin

Berkeley, under the leadership

of Mrs. Audre Ohman and Mrs.

Madge Payne, secured 70 new

members and $408. Marin county,

headed by Don- Kirschner, also

made a good showing by securing

56 memberships and $311.

The ACLU's thanks go to every

member who contributed his

services in making the campaign

a success. It not only paid off in

new memberships and money to

keep the ACLU on the firing line,

but also in valuable education

about the Union's program.

_ Results of Special Membership Campaign

(To June 20, 1957)

eon berslin ee New Per Cent. Money Per Cent

: Goal Members of Goal Received of Goal

Berkeley =. 100 0x00A7 750 70 10% $ 408.00 54%

Davis 2-25 15 112 pA = 27% (20.25 (c) 18%

`Diablo Valley _.............. / 15 1 3) 38 ~ 20%. 15.00 14%

Eresn0. 2 20 `150 5 25% 30.00 20%

Hayward 22... 10 75 12 120% 65.00 87%

Los Altos 2... 15 112 "3 19 127% 95.00 85%

-Marin County _........... 75 525 56 15% | 311.00 - 59%

. Menlo Park _......... of 20 150 15 15% 116.00 - -11To.

Modesto 2 "10 75 2 2070. 15.00. 20%

Monterey Peninsula oe 20 150 A 20%: 121.00 81%

Oakland: 80 221 10 33% 61.50 28%

Palo Alto = 8 30 225 Za 17%" 172.00 18%

Redwood City _.............. 10 TS 9 90% 50.00 67%

Richmond 2 3. 10 75 20 200% 112.50 150%

Sacramento ...........2.....- 2. 20 25 10 40%. 83.00 47%

San Francisco ................ 125 1000 q3 58% 447.25 45%

San JOS@ 22 ~ 10 75 31 . 310% - 187.50 250%

`San Mateo 2200200000000 10 TG 65 650% 367.00 489%

Santa Cruz. = 10 75 20 200% 150.00 200%

Santa Rosa .......... ae 35 - _ 10.00 29%

Slanford 2: 10 (ie 6 60% - 40.00 53%

Stockton 15 112 2 13% 15.00 13%

| Watsonville ...2..0002.0....... 10 225) - - - _-

| Miscellaneous _............... - - ay -_ 64.50. - .

Special Gifts ..........0000.... ~ 500 - -_, 1050.00 210%

600 $5000 468 18% $4007.00 - 80%

Cops Arrest 2

For Selling

`Obscene' Books

San Francisco police early last month arrested Lawrehce

Ferlinghetti, 38, proprietor of the City Lights Bookshop, 261

Columbus Ave., and his clerk, Shigeyoshi Murao, 31, 615

Broadway, and `accused them of violating the California ob-

scenity law. They were charged with selling "(Howl and Other

Poems," by Allen Ginsberg, and

an issue of "The Miscellaneous

Man," a literary magazine with a

small circulation that is pub-

lished in Berkeley.

Not for Children

Capt. William A. Hanrahan of

the juvenile bureau explained,

"We purchased one of each of

those books and found them

lewd. They are not fit for chil-

dren to read."

Thomas Speech

_A tape recording of Norman

Thomas' speech, "Tomorrow's

Freedom," given at the Kent

Estate in Kentfield on May 28

at a meeting of the Marin

County Chapter of the ACLU

of Northern California, will be

broadcast by FM Station KP-

FA of Berkeley, 94.1 on your

radio dial, at the following

times:

SUNDAY,

July 7, at 4:30 p.m.

WEDNESDAY,

July 10, at 8:15 p.m.

On KPFA

Customs Loses

On "Howl Ban

Efforts of Chester R. McPhee,

San Francisco Collector of Cus-

toms, to seize and destroy what

he claimed were obscene publica-

tions failed on May 29. U.S. At-

torney Lloyd H. Burke refused to

bring "libel" proceedings to de-

stroy the publications, so Mr.

MacPhee had no choice but to

release them. ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1956.batch ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1957.batch ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log

The first seizure by MacPhee

took place on February 21 when

he refused to release "The Mis-

cellaneous Man," a literary mag-

azine published in Berkeley but

printed in England. MacPhee ob-

jected to a:"dirty story told in

dirty words" by Safford Cham-

berlain. The story was one of

three which Chamberlain sub-

mitted as part of his thesis in

English at Cornell University and

for which he received his Mas-

ter's degree.

With that fine start, Mr. Mac-

Phee, on March 21, carried on by -

seizing 519 copies of "Howl and

Other Poems" destined for Law-

. rence Ferlinghetti, proprietor of

San Francisco's City Lights Book-

shop. Mr. MacPhee objected to

four or five dirty words that ap-

peared in the poem. :

MacPhee says that this is the

first time in four years that his

decision has not been accepted.

The answer is that this is the

first time in four years that any-

one has questioned his judgment.

MacPhee relies upon the advice

of four top men in his office. Un-

fortunately, these men know noth-

thing about cases on obscenity

decided in the courts and use

their own inadequate yereatick

ue what is obscene.

Richmond Obscenity |

Proposal Dropped

A proposed Richmond, Calif.,

obscenity ordinance' "which pun-

ished the mere possession `of ob-

scene books, pictures, etc., even

though they were not held for

distribution or sale,' has been

quietly dropped. The proposed

. ordinance would have allowed

police officers to seize what in

their judgment was obscene' mate-

rial.

The proposal was opposed by '

the local bar. association, the

ACLU and others.

Both men were released on

$500 bail supplied by the ACLU

of Northern California. They will

be represented by the Union's -

local staff counsel. |

Motions to dismiss the charges

were denied and the cases have

been set for a jury trial on Au-

gust 8. .

Capt. Hanrahan suggested that

the books were seized only after

a complaint had been made.'

"Somebody's got to make a com-

plaint against them," said he,

"then we look them over and try

to decide whether they're athy,

lewd or indecent.

"Too Broadminded"

"It's not me alone. I'm too

broadminded to pass on books,"

the Captain went on to say. "I let

others do that-and then we pass

`em along to the District Attor-

ney to decide."

Assistant District Attorney

Regis Swetmann said he agreed

that the publications violated the

law and authorized the arrests.

District Attorney Thomas C.

Lynch said he had not been con-

sulted.

Inspectors Russell Wood and

Thomas Page made the purchases

and arrests in the case, but 0x00B0

neither the written complaint

nor the police officers specified

exactly what was wrong with the

publications. The written com-

plaint merely charges a violation

of "Section 311.3 of the Penal

Cede of the State of California in

that said defendant did wilfully

and lewdly print, publish and

sell obscene and indecent writ-

ing, papers and books, to wit:

`Howl and Other Poems' and `Mis-

cellaneous Man,' Nos 11 and 12."

Dirty Word Test

As far as we can figure out, bas-

is for the arrest lies in the fact

that both publications contained

some vulgar words. But, is that

the test of obscenity? Shouldn't

a publication be judged as a

_whole? In neither instance are

we dealing with a publication

that prints dirt for dirt's sake.

And, of course, the test is not

whether these publications are

too rugged for children. They

weren't published for children

and children wouldn't be inter-

ested. in reading them.

The Booksellers Association of

Northern California protested

that HOWL "does have literary

merit and there is no doubt that

it is a sincere literary expression.

in which alleged `vulgarities' ap- .

pear only incidentally and in con-

text cannot be considered ~ob-

scene, nor would the alleged

`vulgarities' have any corrupting

influence-certainly not on any-

one with the mature intelligence

necessary to read and ade

- the poems." -

Many Protests -

The prosecution has aroused

many writers and persons inter-

ested in good literature. `Tne

"Letters to the Editor" column

of the San Francisco Chronicle

have been flooded with protests

against. the police action.

_ Editorial comment by the San

Francisco Chronicle, "Making a

Clown of San Francisco,' may

be found elsewhere in this issue

of the oe is

~ | ACLU Condemns

In This Issue...

Un-Americans ....:. Page 3

Legislature Adjourns- -

Civil Liberties Gains

- - Losses' Minor... .. Page 4.

| Making a Clown of S.F. . Page 2

f Un-Americans Curbed . oe

"by High Court ......Page 3 |'

Making a Clown

Of San Francisco.

As a city with some pretense to culture, enlightenment,

`liberality and sophistication,

San Francisco has been sent

sprawling into an unseemly and ludicrous posture.

The Police Department and the Public Library Commis-

sion, working independently but with equal witlessness, have

contrived to give the community an appearance of profound-

est imbecility.

The Police Department has not only set itself up as a cen-

sor of literature, but has enunciated a remarkable code for

the guidance of booksellers who are averse to jail. Police

arrested a clerk at the City Lights Bookshop (and obtained

a warrant for his employer) for having sold two books which

the U. S. Government lately released from confiscation by

an overzealous and notably prissy Customs Collector. Then

the Department solemnly proclaimed that henceforth the

legality of books will be measured with a kindergarten or

grammar-school yardstick. "We have purchased one of each of

those books," said Police Captain William A. Hanrahan in

reporting the arrest. "They are not fit for children to read.

Here is a new and startling doctrine and one which, if fol-

lowed to the letter, would clear many of the world's classics

from local bookstores, not excepting the Bible wherein is

many a chapter and verse not recommended for perusal by

tiny tots.

The Police Department's rampageous excursion into cen-

-sorship may be explained by ignorance-not only of litera-

ture, but also of the laws and court decisions pertaining to

censors. No such pleading can be advanced for the Library

Board, which is clearly guilty not only of a perversion of its

functions, but also'of an almost hysterical attempt to duck

responsibility.

For a year, the fearful board has kept under lock and key,

an assortment of Chinese books and pamphlets-ranging

from fairly tales through art folios to the political pronounce-

`ments of Mao Tse-tung-while frantically petitioning the

FBI, the U. S. Attorney General and the State Un-American

Activities Committee to tell it if this reading matter is "sub-

versive."'

We submit that this is a finding that any adult, reasonably

intelligent Library Board could and should make for itself.

We further submit that even if the publications were ``sub-

versive" to the Nth degree, a dutiful Library Board would be

in there fighting for its constitutional right to stock and cir-

culate them. For a library ought in all good conscience to be

a repository for all writings, a collection of all books wherein

the wisdom, and also the unwisdom, of all martkind can be

glimpsed for the formation of judgments that are informed

and intelligent.

If the Police Department and the Library Board prevail,

San Francisco's judgments are henceforth to be based en-

tirely on Mother Goose, The Sleeping Beauty, and Senator

Hugh Burns' official correspondence.-Kditorial from the

June 6, 1957 issue of the San Francisco Chronicle.

Protest Security Plan

At Laguna Honda Home

The ACLU recently protested

to Mayor George Christopher of

San Francisco and Dr. Ellis D.

Sox, Director of Public Health,

against adoption of regulations

requiring employees of Laguna

Honda Home who use the Home's

parking lot to permit search of

their vehicles and persons.

' The new procedure springs from

the recent disclosure that an em-

ployee at the Home had for many

years carried off city property in

his car. As a remedy against this

situation it was proposed that all

employees be required to park

their cars at the parking lot on

the grounds. The City Attorney

advised the Manager of the Home

that employees couldn't be com- .

pelled to use the City's parking

facilities, but that the city could

prescribe the terms for the priv-

ilege of parking on the lot at the

Home.

Application Form

Accordingly, employees desir-

ing to use the parking lot were

required to fill out an application

form, which includes the follow-

ing condition:

"3. To cooperate with a secu-

rity plan of operating said park-

ing area. Under said plan the

Superintendent, his duly desig-

nated representative or repre-

sentatives, or any officer of the

San Francisco Police Department,

shall have the right to search my

automobile, my person, any pack-

ages, bundles, baggage, contain-

ers or other properties I may

have in my possession, or in said

automobile, whenever deemed

necessary as I am in the process

of entering the premises of La-

guna Honda Home in said auto-

mobile, or at or about the time I

am in the process of leaving said

home in said automobile, or to

search said automobile at any

time on said premises."

"There is no question," said

the Union's protest, "that the

city may make reasonable rules

and regulations for the use of the

parking facilities at Laguna Hon-

da Home by its employees. The

question raised by this `Applica-

tion' is whether the City is justi-

fied, as a condition for the exer-

cise of a privilege, to require that

employees waive their rights

against invasion of personal free-

dom by Home and police author-

ities. ...a drag-net method of law

enforcement will be resorted to

in which the liberties of the in-

nocent employees will be invaded

in order to catch possibly a few

law breakers.

"We are sure that reasonable

safeguards may be found in pro-

tecting the interests of the com-

munity without sacrificing indi-

vidual freedom."

Referred to Brooks

Mayor Christopher referred the

matter to his Chief Administra-

tive Officer, Mr. Thomas A.

Brooks, "with the request that

he conduct a full and thorough

investigation into the application

for parking permit procedure to

determine whether any injustice

or hardship is being done the em-

ployees of the Laguna Honda

, Home." That is where the mat-

ter stands at this writing.

Report on S.F.

Red Hearings

Continued from Page 1-

bership in the Communist Party

since 1948, and objected on va-

rious grounds, including the Fifth

Amendment, to answering ques-

`tions concerning her associations

before that time.

Other highlights of the hear-

ings were as follows:

1. The suicide of subpoenee

William K. Sherwood after learn-

ing that the Committee's hearings

were to be televised. (`In the

light of what has happened," said

Ernest Besig, the ACLU's local

director, "the subcommittee

ought to abandon the hearings

before they do further damage.'')

2. The intemperate attack of

Rep. Gordon H. Scherer on the

Board of Governors of the State

Bar of California for censuring

the Committee's December, 1956,

hearings in Los Angeles. By and

large, however, both the members

of the Committee and its counsel

and the witnesses behaved them-

selves with decorum.

Wouse Rules Violated

8. Televising and radio broad-

casting of the hearings in viola-'

tion of the rules of the House. _

4. Reliance of witnesses on the

June 17 decision of the U. S. Su-

preme Court in the Watkins case

and demanding to know the per-

tinence of various questions that

were asked. Frank Tavenner,

Committee counsel, claimed that

having to answer these questions

slowed down the hearings and

`prevented all of the witnesses

from being called. On the other

hand, there didn't seem to be any

filibustering on the part of wit-

nesses.

5. Refusal of KCBS radio broad-

caster Louis Earl Hartman

(known on the radio as Jim

Grady) to answer Committee

questions and relying not on the

self-incrimination sections of the

Fifth Amendment but on the

First, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, and

due process clause of the Fifth

Amendment. Hartman has been

suspended from his job and faces

dismissal for refusal to answer

the Committee's questions.

Besides representing five sub-

poenaed witnesses through its

`General Counsel, the ACLU also

assisted other witnesses to se-

cure counsel.

Exposure

It is difficult to see what prop-

er legislative purpose was served

by the Committee's hearings in

San Francisco. It seems to the

ACLU that the Committee was

doing exactly what the Supreme

Court said it couldn't do-expos-

ing for the sake of exposure, and.

thereby invading the private

rights of individuals.

Besides Congressman Scherer,

the other members of the sub-

committee were Chairman Fran-

cis J. Walter of Pennsylvania,

who was absent on the last day

of the hearings, and Robert J.

- McIntosh of Pennsylvania.

High Court |

Curbs Union

Picketing

The Supreme Court on June 17

put a brake on union picketing

for organizing purposes.

A 5 to 3 decision upheld a Wis-

consin state court injunction for-

bidding a picket line that harmed

an employer with whom the un-

ion had no dispute. The Wiscon-

sin court had inferred that the

union's intent was to induce the

employer to urge his workers to

join the union. Such coercion is

a violation of state law.

The principals were the Inter-

national Brotherhood of Team-

sters, Local 695, and Vogt, Inc.,

which operates a gravel pit in

Oconcmowoc, Wis.

The dissenting opinion said,

"The court has now come full cir-

cle" and surrendered the free

speech protection enunciated in

the first of a long line of picket-

ing decisions. :

ACLU Comments

On Government

Security Plan

The American Civil Liberties

Union on June 23 offered a pre-

liminary comment that the Com-

mission on Government Security

report points the way toward cor-

rection of many abuses of civil

liberties in the Government secu-

rity program. The ACLU state-

ment was made public by Patrick

Murphy Malin, ACLU national

executive director.

The full text of the ACLU

statement follows:

The Commission on Govern-

ment Security report is a com-

prehensive study which points

the way toward correction of

many abuses of civil liberties in

the government's security pro-

grams.

- The length of the 800-page re-

port makes a complete analysis

impossible at this time. The Com-

mission's findings will be care-

fully scrutinized by the Union's

specialists in the security field

and our board of directors, and a

. full statement presented later,

Three Important Changes

However, our first examination

gives us reason to cheer three im-

portant proposed changes in the

federal employee security pro-

gram: (1) the granting of hear-

ings to all applicants whose loy-

alty is questioned; (2) improve-

ment in the key area of confron-

tation and cross examination by

revealing to the employee the

sources of information in the gov-

ernment files except for official

counter-intelligence agents; and

(3) giving to the hearing exam-

iner of the newly-created Central

Security Office, and to the em-

ployee or applicant, the right to

subpoena witnesses to testify at

loyalty hearings.

The proposed granting of hear-

ings for applicants will correct a

major defect of the present pro-

gram, the lack of opportunity to

challenge derogatory information

collected in the central index

file of the Civil Service Commis-

sion. Without an opportunity to

challenge such data, the appli-

cant is subject to "blacklisting"

in his future employment search.

Confrontation

Confrontation of all but coun-

ter intelligence agents should be

a big aid in eliminating idle

neighborhood gossip, which, un-

der the present system, the em-

ployee has never been able effec-

tively to rebut. Similarly, the

power to subpoena witnesses will

make clear to. persons who give

information to security officers

their responsibility to be exact in

their statements, and thus reduce

the danger of loose information

seeping into security files. GZ

The Commission's recommended

elimination of the "confidential"

category in the document-classifi- _

cation system can lead to more

public information on govern-

_ Ment operations. And its rejec-

tion of an extension of the indus-

trial security system to cover all

persons having access to defense

plants can help prevent investiga-

tion of millions of persons having

ACLU "Consulted" by

Brown on "Girly" Mags

Attorney General Edmund G.

Brown last month expressed his

concern about 50 "sexy maga-

zines" an assistant picked up on

San Francisco newsstands. He

said he was going to study them

to determine whether they vio-

late the State's obscenity statute,

and then consult with clergymen,

educators and the ACLU.

Barry Churton, a young man

from Mr. Brown's office, did drop

by with six of the magazines,

which the ACLU director thumbed'

through. The purpose of the in-

terview was unclear, except to

enable the ACLU director to ex-

press his personal views on ob-

scenity prosecutions about which

the young man was very unin-

formed.

no real contact with secret de-

fense information and materials.

Central Security Office

The major recommendation for

the creation of a Central Security

Office is much too involved for

any final judgment at this time.

Its stress on uniform regulations

and better trained security offi-

cers could ease pressure on civil

liberties. However, we want to

review more fully the question

whether such an office would be-

come a bureaucratic apparatus of

too much centralized power.

Not all of our preliminary com-

ments are favorable. The Com-

mission would have the Depart-

ment of State retain its power to

deny passports as a security meas-

ure, and prevent people from

traveling to places unauthorized

by the Department. We regard

this practice as a serious curb on

individual freedom. We had also

hoped the Commission would

urge an end to wire tapping by

the Department of Justice, and

we regret that the Commission

did not see fit to support this po- |

sition.

We emphasize that these com-

ments are only tentative and that

when our complete review is con-

cluded, a more comprehensive

statement will be made.

Restrict Use

Of San Rafael |

Anti-Leaflet Law

The City Attorney of San Ra-

fael, A. E. Bagshaw, after recon-

sidering the matter, has decided

that the city's 1928 anti-leaflet or-

dinance was improperly applied

`when police stopped Business

Representative Henry Romigu-

iere of the Cleaning and Dye

House Workers Local from hand-

ing out leaflets inviting employ-

ees of the Marin Drive-In Clean-

ers entering the establishment to

attend an informational meeting

at Painters Hall.

Not Applicable

Said Mr. Bagshaw: "...Char-

ter Ordinance No. 139 is not ap-

plicable to the distribution of

handbills by representatives of

Organized Labor, or religious

groups, or, in fact, by any individ-

`ual or group which has for its

purpose the distribution of infor-

mation or argument and is not

engaged primarily in a commer-

cialized activity."

Mr. Bagshaw also ruled that the

ordinance should be applied

"only against the distribution of

handbills and other advertising

matter for purely commercial

purposes." The Police Depart-

ment has been furnished a copy

of the opinion for its guidance.

Democrats Restricted ,

The Central Labor Council of

San Rafael and the ACLU both

protested against the recent' po-

lice action. The ACLU also com-

plained that it had received re

ports that police had "restricted

the distribution of leaflets by the

Democratic Party on some occa-

sions to the sidewalk in front of

its headquarters. If political leaf-

lets were distributed elsewhere

it was necessary to secure permis-

sion of the owner of the particu-

lar property in front of which the

particular distribution was made."

"Freedom to distribute infor-

mation to every citizen wherever

he desires to receive it," said the

U. S. Supreme Court some fif-

teen years ago, "is so clearly vital

to the preservation of a free so

ciety that, putting aside reason-

able police and health regula-

tions of time and manner of dis-

tribution, it. must be fully pre-

served."

ACLU NEWS

July, 1957

Page 2

Text of Statement:

ACLU Condemns

Un-Americans

June 18-The American Civil

Liberties Union of Northern Cali-

fornia declared today that no

proper legislative purpose will be

served by the San Francisco hear-

ings of the House Committee on

un-American ..Activities. - they

are not intended to secure infor-

mation," said the ACLU ina state-

ment released by Ernest Besig,

the ACLU's local director, `but

merely to publicize what the com-

mittee already knows about the

past activities of persons who are

allegedly present or former mem-

bers of the Communist Party.

Bent on Punishment

"AJl information available to

us," the statement went on to

say, "points to the fact that most

of the subpoenees, if they were

ever members of the Communist

Party, have long since left it.

That ought to satisfy most Ameri-

cans, but not the House Commit-

tee on un-American Activities.

That committee will smear them

as untouchables who are unfit for

any employment. They are bent

on punishing them, not because

they have any present association

with Communism, but solely be-

eause they refuse to serve as In-

formers.

"Such cruel and harsh treat-

ment," the statement continued,

"spells economic hardship or ruin

for many persons who have long

since abandoned their former be-

liefs. We trust that the subpoe-

nees will be judged by their em-

ployers on the basis of their com-

petence, performance and loyalty

and not on the basis of their re-

fusal to cooperate with the com-

mittee." :

Dignity Lacking

The statement also called at-

tention to the recent character-

ization of the committee's De

Reconsideration -

Denied by School

Board In Mass Case

On June 25 the San Francisco

Board of Education refused to re-

consider the dismissal of John W.

Mass, City College teacher, who

was fired in 1953 for refusing to

testify before the House Commit-

tee on Un-American Activities.

In 1953 the Board said the Dil-

worth Act gave it no discretion

but to bring dismissal proceed-

ings against Mass. Recently, the

California Supreme Court re-

versed the dismissal for the pur-.

pose of allowing Mass to explain

why he did not answer the Com-

mittee's questions. It declared

that the Board did have discre-

tion to bring dismissal proceed-

ings.

Superior Judge Milton D. Sa-

piro denied a motion to direct the

Board to reconsider its dismissal

action of 1953, but he did allow

such a request to be made direct-

ly to the Board, which it has now

turned down.

The case will,not be set for a

hearing before Judge Sapiro.

MacPhee's Aide Drums

Up Support For Him

Chester R. MacPhee, Collector

of Customs in San Francisco, re--

cently admonished his administra-

tive aide, Mary L. Campbell, for

sending a letter to the Second

District P-TA requesting resolu-

tions of commendation for Mr.

MacPhee's campaign against

books and magazines he regards -

as obscene. "

McPhee claimed Miss Camp-

bell had not kept a copy of the

letter, while the P-TA refused to

furnish a copy to the ACLU. Nev-

ertheless, on the basis of the let-

ter the P-TA wrote a letter to

MacPhee "commending and sup-

porting his action in opposing the

importation of pornographic mag-

azines and books," and urging its

units to do likewise.

ACLU NEWS

July, 1957

Page 3

cember, 1956, hearings in Los An- .

geles by the Board of Governors

of the State Bar as "improper and

lacking in the dignity of the Unit-

ed States." "We are hopeful,"

said the ACLU statement, "that

the committee will be at some

pains to conduct the present hear-

ings with dignity and a high de-

gree of fairness."

The ACLU also declared that

it is still of the opinion that the

committee should be abolished

because it violates freedom of ex-

pression, tries people by publicity

without affording them any legal

protections and is a senseless

waste of the taxpayers' money.

The ACLU said that six of the

subpoenees will be represented

by its General Counsel, attorney

Wayne M. Collins of San Fran-

cisco. It has also assisted other

subpoenees in security private

counsel.

Red Literature

Withheld by

S.F. Library

The ACLU has protested to the

San Francisco Library Commis-

sion against withholding from

use for more than a year certain

publications from the National

Library of Peiping. Library at- -

taches were fearful that the pub-

lications might be regarded as

subversive.

The ACLU suggested that a li-

brary is a repository for all kinds

_ Of books, containing all kinds of

ideas and including many that

people did not agree with.

The Library originally sought

guidance from Attorney General

Edmund G. Brown, who referred

them to the Senate Fact-Finding

Committee on Un-American Ac-

tivities. Recently, the Commit-

tee's counsel applauded the Li- -

brary for withholding the propa-

ganda from circulation.

Apparently not content with

Mr. Combs' judgment, the Com-

mission had also written to At-

torney General Herbert Brown-

ell, Jr., and FBI Director J. Ed-

gar Hoover. Neither one has re-

sponded.

The latest candidate as censor

is John Foster Dulles. If he does

not respond, then local Congress-

men will be asked to pressure J.

Edgar Hoover to express an opin-

ion.

Lamont Sues

For Passport

WASHINGTON, June 18.-Cor-

liss Lamont carried his fight to

obtain a passport to the United

States District Court for the Dis-

trict of Columbia today.

The author and teacher was re-

fused a passport in 1951 on the

ground that his travel abroad

"would be contrary to the best in-

terests of the United States." He

was refused again when he re-

applied on March 20, 1957.

A complaint was filed by Leon-

ard B. Boudin of New York and

Harry I. Rand of Washington, at-

torneys for the author and lec-

turer in philosophy. They based

the legal action on the conten-

tions that Dr. Lamont's right to

travel should not be conditioned

upon answering questions relat-

ing to the Communist party or

upon compliance with any other

political test. The complaint for

a declaratory judgment and in-

junction was filed against Secre-

tary of State Dulles. .

In a letter to Mr. Dulles made

public today, Dr. Lamont wrote:

"T feel compelled to institute this

lawsuit because the State Depart-

ment's passport office, which is

under your authority, has unfair-

ly and unconstitutionally denied

my request for a passport." He

added: "It seems to me. Mr. Sec-

retary, that you and the passport

office have set up a little dicta-

torship within the State Depart-

ment."

Nominal Member

Of C.P. Faces

Deportation

The ACLU last month appealed

to the Board of Immigration Ap-

peals from an order of a Special

Inquiry Officer ordering the de-

portation to Australia of a San

Francisco woman, the mother of

three children, because of mem-

bership in the Communist Party

for almost two years from 1946

to 1948.

The ACLU contends that the

woman's relationship to the party

was so nominal as not to make

her a member within the terms

of the Immigration and Nation-

ality Act.

Common Interest

If she had ever heard of the

Communist Party at the time of

joining in 1946, it had never

made an impression upon her.

At the time she joined she was

under the impression that they

were working for socialized med-

icine. Also, she thought this

would give her a common in-

terest with her husband, who

joined at the same time.

She couldn't understand their

pamphlets, so she didn't bother

to finish them. And, she didn't

understand the discussions at

their meetings. At the time she

quit, she had no more knowledge

of what the Communist Party

-stood for than when she started.

She saw nothing wrong with

our form of Government at the

time she joined the party, nor |

does she at the present time. At

the time she joined, she just

thought the medical set-up could

be improved a little.

Shadowy Membership

"Consequently," said the ACLU

in its brief, "she had and even

now has `no real knowledge' of

the platform and purposes of the

party. Her membership was one

of appearance only. It was arti-

ficial and shadowy. The alien did

not change her political or econ-

omic thinking one whit when she

joined the party or during her

stay in it. At the time she joined,

she would have joined any other

group, irrespective of its name,

which stood for socialized med-

icine."

If the Board rules against the

alien, an appeal will be taken to

the courts.

Cal. Smith Act

Convictions

Reversed

The U. S. Supreme Court on

June 17 reversed the convictions

of the 14 California Smith Act de-

fendants. The court ruled that

the evidence against five of the

defendants "is so clearly insuffi-

cient that their acquittal should

be ordered." The nine others

were granted a new trial.

One of the charges against the

defendants, that of conspiring to

organize a group to advocate and

teach the violent overthrow of

the government, was held to be

barred by a three-year statute of

limitations. They decided that

the word "organize" refers "only

to acts entering into the creation

of a new organization, and not to

acts thereafter performed in car-

rying on its activities, even

though such acts may loosely be

termed `organizational'."

The court concluded that since

the Party "came into being in

1945, and the indictment was not

returned until 1951, the three-

year statute of limitations had

run on the `organizing' charge,

and required the withdrawal of

that part of the indictment from

the jury's consideration."

Otherwise, the main holding of

the court was that the Smith Act

does not prohibit advocacy "in

the sense of preaching abstractly

the forcible overthrow of the

Government." The trial court,

therefore, erred in not charging

the jury to this effect.

Only seven members of the

court participated in the decision.

Justice Clark dissented, while

Justices Black and Douglas dis-

sented in part. The latter were in

favor of reversing the conviction

against all of the defendants.

The American Civil Liberties

Union appeared as "friend of th

court" in the case.

courts in other cases.

Un-Americans

Curbed by

While the 6 to 1 decision of the

U. S. Supreme Court in the Wat-

kins case, handed down on June

17, has been interpreted as plac-

ing restraints on legislative in-

vestigating committees, most of

those restraints were not neces-

sary to the decision, and conse-

quently are not binding upon the

In the

words of Justice Frankfurter, the

only thing the court held was.

that "the actual scope of the in-

quiry that the committee was au-

thorized to conduct and the rele-

vance of the question to that in-

quiry must be shown to have been

luminous at the time when asked

and not left, at best, in cloudi-

ness."

Watkins was prosecuted under

a Federal statute which requires

witnesses before Congressional

committees "to answer any ques-

`tion pertinent to the question un-

der inquiry."

Identifying Names

When he appeared before the

House Committee on Un-Ameri-

ean Activities, Watkins took the

position that he would be willing

to "answer any questions which

this committee put to me about

myself. I wiil also answer ques-

tions about those persons whom

I knew to be members of the

Communist party and whom I be-

lieve still are. I will not, how-

ever, answer any question with

respect to others with whom I

associated in the past. I do not

believe that any law in this coun-

try requires me to testify about

persons who may in the past have

been Communist party members

or otherwise engaged in Commu-

nist party activity, but who to

the best of my knowledge and be-

lief have long since removed

themselves from the Communist

movement." Watkins did not rest

on the Fifth Amendment in re-

fusing to answer questions con-

cerning persons he believed had

left the party.

Watkins was never a member

of the party. But for about five

years he had "cooperated with

the Communist party and partici-

pated in Communist activities to

such a degree that some persons

may honestly believe that I was a

member of the party."

The Committee claimed it was

investigating communism in the

labor movement, but of the 30

names which Watkins was asked

to identify, "seven were com-

pletely unconnected with organ-

ized labor."

Pertinency of Questions

"Unless the subject matter has

been made to appear with undis-

putable clarity, said the Supreme

Court, "it is the duty of the in-

vestigative body, upon objection

of the witness on grounds of per-

tinency, to state for the record

the subject under inquiry at that

time and the manner in which

the propounded questions are

pertinent thereto. To be meaning-

ful, the explanation must describe

what the topic under inquiry is

and the connective reasoning

whereby the precise questions

asked relate to it.

"The statement of the commit-

tee chairman in this case," the

court went on to say, "in response

to petitioner's protest, was woe-

fully inadequate to convey suffi-

cient information as to the per-

tinency of the questions to the

subject under inquiry. Petitioner

ligh Court

was thus not accorded a fair op-

portunity to determine whether

he was within his rights in refus-

ing to answer, and his conviction

is necessarily invalid under the

due process clause of the Fifth

Amendment."

First Amendment

The court's opinion does not

hold that a witness may rest on

the First Amendment in refusing

to answer questions of the House

`Committee. Nevertheless, it does

say that "The first amendment

may be invoked against infringe-

ment of the protected freedoms

by law or by lawmaking.

"Abuses of the investigative

process may imperceptibly lead

to abridgment of protected free-

doms. The mere summoning of

a witness and compelling him to -

testify, against his will, about his

beliefs, expressions or associa-

tions is a measure of Govern-

mental interference. And when

those forced revelations concern

matters that are unorthodox, un-

popular, or even hateful to the

general public, the reaction in

the life of the witnesses may be

disastrous. This effect is even

more harsh when it is past be-

liefs, expressions or associations

that are disclosed and judged by

current standards rather than

those contemporary with the mat-

ters exposed. Nor does the wit-

ness alone suffer the consequenc-

es. Those who are identified by

witnesses and thereby placed in

the same glare of publicity are

equally subject to public stigma,

scorn and obloquy. Beyond that,

there is the more subtle and im-

measurable effect upon those who -

tend to adhere to the most ortho-_

dox and uncontroversial views

and associations in order to avoid

a similar fate at some future time.

That this impact is partly the re-

sult of non-Governmental activity

by private persons cannot relieve

the investigators of their respon-

Fone for initiating the reac-

ion."

No Exposure Power

The court also emphasized that

an investigating committee has

no power to expose people. "We

have no doubt," said the court,

that there is no Congressional

power to expose for the sake of

exposure. The public is, of course,

entitled to be informed concern-

ing the workings of its Govern-

ment. That cannot be inflated

into a general power to expose

where the predominant result can

only be invasion of the private

rights of individuals. ... (The mo-

tives of committee - members)

alone would not vitiate an inves-

tigation which had been institut-

ed by a house of Congress if that

assembly's legislative purpose is

being served." :

The court was very critical of

the mandate or instructions from

Congress under which the Com-

Mittee operates. The resolution

was originally adopted in 1938

and defines the Committee's pow-

ers as follows:

"The Committee on Un-Ameri-

can Activities, as a whole or by

subcommittee, is authorized to

make from time to time investiga-

tions of (I) the extent, character,

and objects of Un-American prop-

aganda activities in the United

States; (II) the diffusion within

the United States of subversive

and un-American propaganda that

is instigated from foreign coun-

` -Continued on Page 4

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION NEWS

Published by the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California,

- 503 Market Street, San Francisco 5, California, EXbrook 2-4692.

Second Class mail privileges authorized at San Francisco, Calif.

ERNEST BESIG .. . Editor

Subscription Rates-One Dollar and Fifty Cents a Year =

Fifteen Cents Per Copy aoe

Legislature Adjourns

Civil Liberties

Gains And

Losses Minor

The 1957 California Legislature

ended its session last month with-

out substantial gains or losses be-

ing recorded in the field of civil

liberties.

On the affirmative side, for the

first time in history, an FEP

measure reached the floor of the

"Senate, where it was defeated by

a vote of 21-13.

Wire-Tapping

Also, three minor bills aimed

t controlling wire-tapping and

electronic eavesdropping were

`adopted.

One of these measures, S. B.

927, bans installation of eaves-

dropping equipment without con-

sent of the owner of the prem-

`ises where it is placed, and pro-

hibits use of such electronic de-

-viees on public or private prop-

erty unless notice is posted.

The second bill, S.B. 176, makes

it a misdemeanor for anyone to

"eavesdrop -on the confidential

conversation of a prisoner with a

lawyer, doctor or religious ad-

visor.

The third bill, S. B. 928, re-

quires telephone companies to

keep a record of instances where

wire-tapping has been detected.

"Easy Arrest Bill"

Only a couple of repressive

bills were adopted. A major sur-

gery job was performed in the

Senate on Attorney General Pat

Brown's "Easy Arrest Bill," and

as a result, the section allowing

police to detain persons for two

hours without making an arrest

was eliminated. There were other

changes in the bill, A. B. 1857,

which still allows cops to pick up

persons as drunks and release

them at their own discretion.

Brown says rightly that drunken-

ness should not be a public of-

fense, but if he wants to accom-

plish that end he shouldn't pro-

pose a means that is open to easy

abuse by the police. The ACLU

is still studying the measure to

determine whether it should urge

a veto by the Governor.

Also adopted was an amend-

ment to the Luckel Act, A. B. 229,

which requires public employees

other than school teachers (the

latter are covered by the Dil-

worth Act), to answer questions

as to their affiliations since Octo-

ber 3, 1945, instead of Septem-

ber 10, 1948.

_Red-Hunting

And, finally, the Senate Fact-

Finding Committee on Un-Ameri-

`ean Activities, headed by Senator

Burns of Fresno, was re-estab-

lished for another two years at

a cost of $50,000.

The anti-civil liberties bills

that were defeated included two

. bills to ban crime comics and

Senator Donnelly's fantastic meas-

ure to weed out of school libra-

ries books that teach idleness,

profanity and falsehood, and that

sree Cf a

The first right of a citizen

Is the right

To be responsible.

fail to teach the principles of

morality, truth, justice and pa-

triotism.

Assemblyman Levering's red-

hunting bill denying tax exemp-

tion to non-profit groups that per-

mit their premises to be used by

organizations on the Attorney

General's subversive list or by

persons belonging to such groups

again went down to defeat. It

was similar to a bill defeated two

years ago.

Church and State

A bill to establish an Interfaith

Advisory Board, A. B. 2130, to

. prepare and recommend teach-

ing materials designed to foster

"moral, ethical and spiritual val-

ues," died in committee, while

A. B. 109, to establish "In God

We Trust" as the State's motto,

was killed on the Senate floor.

A bill to allow radio broadcast-

ing and televising of court pro-

ceedings has been referred to an

interim committee for study.

The pro-civil liberties bills that

were defeated included measures

to repeal the Levering Act Oath

for public employees and one to

repeal the tax exemption non-

disloyalty oath law. An effort

`was made to change the State's

loyalty oath from the present I-

am-not-a-subversive approach to

an I-am-a-loyal- American ap-

proach after the Levering Act re-

peal failed. Introduced by As-

semblyman John O'Connell |

(Dem., San Francisco), it got by

the Assembly but died in the Sen-

ate Revenue and Taxation Com-

mittee. '

Also defeated at this session

were various bills to ban wire-

tapping and numerous bills aimed

at eliminating racial discrimina-

tion. One or two minor racial

bills affecting school teachers

and public housing made some

progress. Of course, the Gover-

nor still has the last word on most

of the legislation.

Brown Censors

`Whisper' Mag.

The.ACLU last month protest-

ed to Attorney General Edmund

G. Brown against his censorship

of "Whisper" magazine,

Brown's deputy, Clarence Linn,

sent a telegram to distributors of

the magazine in California threat-

ening to present the matter to the

Los Angeles Grand Jury if the

`June issue of "Whisper" were cir-

culated in this state.

The ACLU condemned this as

an act of censorship. If the June

issue of "Whisper" in any way

violates the law, the proper thing

is to make an arrest when the

magazine is sold and not to ex-

ercise a prior censorship, the

Union said. |

ODAY

Bo 151

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San Francisco, 5

Oklahoma Sets Up

Book Censorship

Commission

On June 7, Raymond Gary,

Governor of the State of Okla-

homa, signed into law a fantastic

bill creating the Oklahoma Liter-

ature Commission, consisting of

the Attorney General, or a mem-

ber of his staff, the State Super- -

intendent of Public Instruction

or a member of the Department

of Education designated by him,

and the Commissioner of Chari-

ties and Corrections.

The Commission is empowered

to hold hearings and make find- .

ings on literature "it finds to be

obscene through its investiga-

tions or from evidence furnished

to it by any citizens of the State."

The Commission may make an

order prohibiting the sale of

what it regards as obscene litera-

ture "by first informing the of-

fending party or parties prior to -

prohibiting such distribution or

recommending prosecution ..."

Obscenity Defined

"Obscene literature" is defined

as "any literature offensive to

the chastity or modesty, express-

ing or presenting to the mind or

view something that purity and

`decency forbids to be exposed, or

so-called comic books which, in

the opinion of the Commission,

are not uplifting and beneficial

to the education, welfare, and

character building of the chil-

dren of Oklahoma."

The term "literature" is de-

fined to mean "any book, pam-

phlet, paper, drawing, lithograph,

engraving, photograph, or pic-

ture."

Responsibility for prosecutions.

on the recommendations of the

Commission rest with the County

Attorneys, but "the Attorney Gen-

eral shall have the ultimate re-

sponsibility for such prosecu-

tions." -

Exemptions From Law

The law exempts "all weekly

and daily newspapers, all Federal

and State matters, and all reading

matter used in recognized religi-

ous, scientific, or educational in-

stitutions."

Apparently, the bill attracted

little attention until it was signed

into law. Now, it is believed that

the State will move very slowly in

enforcing it.

The national office of the AC-

LU is studying the measure.

Un-Americans

Curbed by

High Court

Continued from Page 3-

tries or of a domestic origin and

attacks the principle of the form

of government as guaranteed by

our Constitution, and (III) all

In collections

ACLU-NC News: 1957

Details

Title: vol. 22, no. 7 (July, 1957)
Creator: American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California
Date: 1957 July
Identifier: ACLUN_0256
Genre: newspapers
Physical description: 40.5 x 28 cm
Publisher: San Francisco (Calif.): American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California
Preferred citation: ACLU of Northern California News vol. 22, no. 7, 1957 July; PER ACLUN; California Historical Society.
Rights statement: In Copyright
Publication rights: Copyright (or related rights to publicity and privacy) for materials in this collection, created by the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, was not transferred to the California Historical Society (CHS). Permission for reproduction or publication of materials in this collection beyond that allowed by fair use must be secured from the copyright holder.
Topical subject(s): Privacy, Right of
Freedom of expression
Deportation
Church and state
Named subject(s): Bendich, Albert M.
Besig, Ernest
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence
Ginsberg, Allen
MacPhee, Chester R.
Thomas, Norman
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Geographical subject(s): Santa Rosa (Calif.)
Modesto (Calif.)
Fresno (Calif.)
Oakland (Calif.)
Berkeley (Calif.)
Collection identifier: PER ACLUN